2017-01-14

## Recommendation.jl: Building Recommender Systems in Julia

I have recently published Recommendation.jl, a Julia package for recommender systems. The package is already registered in METADATA.jl, so it can be installed by:

$julia julia> Pkg.add("Recommendation")  Last year, I took Introduction to Recommender Systems, an online course created by University of Minnesota, on Coursera. Although the course assignments originally require us to use spreadsheet (on Google Drive or MS Excel), I personally solved all of them by programming in Julia. Recommendation.jl is created as a result of the coursework assignments. This article explains about the details of Recommendation.jl. If you are interested in functionality and usage, you can refer to README of the repository. In case you have comments or suggestions for future update, issues and/or pull requests are very welcome! Note: The online course is now opening as Recommender Systems Specialization. Course contents might be different from the previous version that I have completed. ### Why Julia? Julia is a relatively new programming language developed by computer scientists at MIT, and the language mainly focuses on high-performance scientific computing by utilizing the just-in-time compiler. Conventionally, MATLAB has been widely used for numerical computing, but it is in some sense inefficient proprietary software. Thus, open-sourced Julia's efficient implementation is getting the attention of research communities in these days: Julia: A Fast Language for Numerical Computing. We can readily use various scientific algorithms on MATLAB and Julia by integrating third-party packages, and their syntax dedicated to vector and matrix computations definitely accelerates algorithm development both in industry and academia. However, in terms of recommender systems, there are currently no effective Julia packages which enable us to make fundamental CF, SVD and MF-based recommendation. Therefore, I developed a basic toolkit for recommender systems in Julia. Static analysis on a local machine with classical techniques is essentially important as the first step for building your own recommender systems, and the package helps you to analyze own user-item data. Additionally, since the implementation and Julia itself are highly flexible, implementing new algorithms on the package should be easy. ### Basic structure In general, recommender systems somehow handle a number of events which represents user-item interactions. So, our package describes each event as an Event composite type: type Event user::Int item::Int value::Float64 end  A field value can be unary or arbitrary real number depending on the feedback types. In order to represent a series of Event, we define a data accessor as follows: immutable DataAccessor events::Array{Event,1} R::AbstractMatrix user_attributes::Dict{Int,Any} # user => attributes item_attributes::Dict{Int,Any} # item => attributes end  This abstraction allows us to interchangeably access to an array of Event and user-item matrix. Notice that user and item attributes can be stored as key-value pairs on DataAccessor for content-based and feature-based recommenders. Once a dataset is converted into a data accessor, we can launch various kinds of recommenders on the package. Importantly, all of the recommendation techniques implemented in the package are based on an abstract base type Recommender, and the following functions should be implemented on each recommender: • build(rec::Recommender; kwargs...) • Building a recommendation engine from a data accessor. • check_build_status(rec::Recommender) • Check whether recommender is already built before making recommendation. • predict(rec::Recommender, u::Int, i::Int) • Making prediction for a given user-item pair. • ranking(rec::Recommender, u::Int, i::Int) • Computing a ranking score for a given user-item pair. • recommend(rec::Recommender, u::Int, k::Int, candidates::Array{Int}) • Making top-$k$recommendation for a given user from a list of item candidates. In particular, what recommend() does is to compute ranking scores for all possible user-item pairs and return top-$k$highest-ranked items. Since this recommendation procedure is always same regardless of recommenders, the function is precomposed in the package: function recommend(rec::Recommender, u::Int, k::Int, candidates::Array{Int}) d = Dict{Int,Float64}() for candidate in candidates score = ranking(rec, u, candidate) d[candidate] = score end sort(collect(d), by=tuple->last(tuple), rev=true)[1:k] end  The recommend() function actually works correctly, but the implementation is not efficient enough; computing the ranking scores one-by-one might be computationally expensive, especially for the massive item candidates. Hence, the function should be improved in the future by taking more efficient approaches such as parallelization. Another common function is check_build_status(). The function checks a recommenders' build state and throws an error if it is still not built: function check_build_status(rec::Recommender) if !haskey(rec.states, :is_built) || !rec.states[:is_built] error("Recommender$(typeof(rec)) is not built before making recommendation")
end
end


### Implementing a recommendation algorithm on Recommendation.jl

To give an example, the following code demonstrates implementation of the simple popularity-based recommender:

immutable MostPopular <: Recommender
da::DataAccessor
scores::AbstractVector
states::States
end

MostPopular(da::DataAccessor, hyperparams::Parameters=Parameters()) = begin
n_item = size(da.R, 2)
MostPopular(da, zeros(n_item), States(:is_built => false))
end

function build(rec::MostPopular)
n_item = size(rec.da.R, 2)

for i in 1:n_item
rec.scores[i] = countnz(rec.da.R[:, i])
end

rec.states[:is_built] = true
end

function ranking(rec::MostPopular, u::Int, i::Int)
check_build_status(rec)
rec.scores[i]
end


The MostPopular recommender type is initialized by a data accessor, and a recommendation engine can be built by counting the number of nonzero elements in each column (i.e., item) of a user-item matrix. Ultimately, the frequency is the ranking scores which determine the most promising items.

It should be noticed that predict() does not necessarily to be implemented because recommend() internally uses scores obtained from ranking(). In case only predict() is implemented on a recommender, ranking() works as an alias of the predict() function by default:

function predict(rec::Recommender, u::Int, i::Int)
error("predict is not implemented for recommender type \$(typeof(rec))")
end

function ranking(rec::Recommender, u::Int, i::Int)
check_build_status(rec)
predict(rec, u, i)
end


The separation of predict() and ranking() functions is based on LibRec, a Java library for recommender systems.

Consequently, when researchers and engineers like to implement new recommendation techniques in Julia by using the Recommendation.jl library, they simply need to care about the following three points:

• How to build a recommender from a data accessor,
• How to make prediction for a given user-item pair,
• How to compute a ranking score for a given user-item pair,

in addition to converting own data into a data accessor. The flexible data accessors and Julia's dynamic type systems clearly make the package extensible. Note that the idea of the flexible implementation originally comes from LensKit, a recommender-specific toolkit running in JVM. LensKit is fully taking advantage of flexibility achieved by dependency injection.

### Example of matrix-factorization-based recommendation

Integrating a data accessor, recommender and metric eventually enable us to compute the accuracy of recommendation. Here, I give an example of the whole procedure using Recommendation.jl:

using Recommendation

const n_user = 5
const n_item = 10

# Create a data accessor from events
events = [Event(1, 2, 1), Event(3, 2, 1), Event(2, 6, 4)]
da = DataAccessor(events, n_user, n_item)

# Initialize a MF-based recommender with the data accessor
# The number of latent factors is set to 2
recommender = MF(da, Parameters(:k => 2))

# Build the MF-based recommender based on the SGD optimization
build(recommender, learning_rate=15e-4, max_iter=100)

# Make top-k recommendation for a user from a set of item candidates
u = 4
k = 2
candidates = [i for i in 1:n_item] # all items
recommend(recommender, u, k, candidates)


recommend() eventually returns tuples of sorted item IDs and their scores.

### What's next

This article has introduced the basic concept underlying my new Julia package for recommender systems.

Currently, the package has very limited functions what I have learnt from the "Introduction to Recommender Systems" course. More powerful recommendation techniques (e.g., Tensor Factorization, Factorization Machines) should be implemented in the future. Moreover, creating update() method is another promising direction in order to test recommendation algorithms in an incremental fashion.

In terms of efficiency, current implementation is naive and does not take advantage of Julia's performance. This view should be considered more to improve feasibility of the package. Meanwhile, comparison with the other recommender-specific libraries is important.

Recommendation.jl is still in version 0.0.1. Keep waiting till new releases and further improvements!